3-1到4-3作業

3-1
一個生態系統是不同物種以及非生命環境，土壤，水和其他形式的物質與源於太陽的能源在交互作用下所形成的一個社會。
3-6
元素和化合物間接透過太陽能和重力進行各種養份循環，因此生態系中的生物圈和人類活動也會改變這些的化學週期。
What are the components to compose the ecosystem?
(1) air, water, soil
(2) air, food, water
(3) oil, soil, water
(4) air, toy, people

4-4Human Activities Can Cause the Premature Extinction of Species

Although extinction is a natural process, the scientific consensus is that humans have become a major force in the premature extinction of species. Human activities decrease the earth's biodiversity when they cause the premature extinction of species and destroy or degrade habitats needed for the development of new species.
雖說物種滅絕是一個自然過程，但人類活動減少地球的生物多樣性。
According biologists Stuart Pimm and Edward O.Wilson and the 2005 Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, extinction rates increased by 100-1,000 times the natural background extinction rare during the 20th century. As human population and resource consumption increase over the next 50-100 years,our ecological footprints are likely to expand. In addition, we are also expected to take over an even larger share of the earth's surface and net primary productivity that supports all consumers.
隨著人口和資源的消耗增加，我們也需要一個更大的初級生物網以支持所有"消費者"。

According to Wilson and Pimm, this plus climate change may cause the premature extinction of at least one-fourth of the earth’s current species by 2050 and up to half of those species could be gone or headed for early extinction by the end of this century. This could deplete and degrade the natural capital that supports all life and our economies. According to Wilson, if this massive loss of species continues unabated, the cost to humanity in wealth, environmental security, and quality of life, will be catastrophic. Wilson also says that if we make an “all-out effort to save the biologically richest parts of the world, the amount of loss can be cut at least by half.”

據威爾遜和皮姆物種繼續有增無減，對人類的費用財富，環境安全，和生活質量，將是災難性的。威爾遜還表示，如果我們作出了“全力拯救生物最豐富的地區，損失數額可減少至少一半。

It took millons of years after each of the earth's past mass extinctions for life to recover to the previous level of biodiversity.Thus, on our short time scale, such major losses cannot be recouped by formation of new species. To make matters worse, we are also destroying or degrading ecosystems such as tropical forests, coral reefs, and wetlands that are centers for future speciation. See the Guest Essay on this topic by Norman Myers at Thomson.

生物大滅絕後需要幾百萬年後才能恢復到以前生物多樣性的水平。

3-6 Matter Cycles within Ecosystems and in the Biospere

The elements and compounds that make up nutrients move continually through air,water,soil,rock and living organisms in cycles called biogeochemical cycles(literally,life-earth-chemical cycles) or nutrient cycles-prime examples of one of the four scientific principles of sustainability (see back cover). These cycles, driven directly or indirectly by incoming solar energy and gravity, include the hydrologic (water), carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles. Thus, matter cycles within ecosystems and the biosphere and human activities are altering these chemical cycles.
元素和化合物間接透過太陽能和重力進行各種養份循環，因此生態系中的生物圈和人類活動也會改變這些的化學週期。
As nutrients move through the biogeochemical cycles, they may accumulate in one portion of the cycle and remain there for different lengths of time. These temporary storage sites such as the atmosphere, the oceans and other waters, and underground deposits are called reservoirs.
營養物移動通過生物地球化學循環，他們可以聚集在一個週期的一部分。這些臨時地點可能是大氣，海洋和其他水域和地下水稱之為水庫。
Nutrient cycles connect past, present, and future forms of life. Some of the carbon atoms in your skin may once have been part of a leaf, a dinosaur's skin,or a layer of limestone rock. Your grandmother, Attila the Hun, or a hunter-gatherer who lived 25,000 years ago may have inhaled some of the oxygen molecules you just inhaled.
養分循環連接過去，現在和未來的生命形式。

對課程的看法與建議

1.英文好多好難翻
2.雖然內容豐富但是看不懂還是個缺點

第二次作業

Q1.What Is Science?
A1.
(1)定義:目的在於尋找自然現象的來因
(2)方法:藉由觀察和邏輯，推理自然科學可以引導出大自然中的規律
(3)限制:科學只能解釋自然現象
Q2.What Is Matter?
A2.
分為元素和化合物 而原子中有原子核 原子核中有質子和中子 混合物靠許多化合物結合製造 成更多物質
Q3.How Can Matter Change?
A3.
(1)物理變化 : 原子內無發生什麼反應，因此物質的本質不變，如相變化--水分子蒸發凝結後還是 水。
(2)化學變化 : 發生在電子的轉移或鍵的生成與斷鍵，物質種類改變，原子不變，如氫氣與氧氣就產生水。
(3)核變化(包含核融合、核分裂、放射線的衰變) : 發生在原子核內質子，中子的反應,如核融合與核分裂，此反應原子已經改變，因為質子數不同，原子種類就不同。
Q4.What is Energy and How Can It Change Its Form?
A4.
『能量來自很多種形式』
(1)動能(kinetic energy，像是風、流動的水、電子流動…)
(2)位能(potential energy，例如在手上的小石頭、未點燃的火柴…)
『能量轉換必須遵守兩個定律』
(1)熱力學第一定律：當能量轉換在物理和化學變化，從一個形成另一個時，沒有能量被創造或毀滅。
(2)熱力學第二定律：當能量從一端轉縣另一端時，進來的能量品質較出來的品質好。

Q5.How Can We Use Matter and Energy More Sustainbly?
A5.
因工業化的社會過度使用物質.能量，所以我們應該要懂得回收.重複使用.減少消耗 才能永續下去

3.1

A community,or biological community,consists of all populations of different species living in a particular area.For example,the catfish in a pond usually share the pond with other fish species,and with plants,insects,ducks,and many other species that make up the community.
在一個社區或群落中包括所有人民與不同的物種生活在同一個特別的區域。例如，鯰魚在一個池塘通常會與分享空間給其他池塘魚類，並與植物，昆蟲，鴨，和其他許多物種組成生態環境。
An ecosystem is a community of different species interacting with one another and with their nonliving environment of soil,water,other forms of matter, and energy,mostly from the sun.Ecosystems can range in size from a puddle of water to an ocean,or from a patch of woods to a forest.Ecosystems can be natural or artifical (human created) .Examples of artificial ecosystems are crop fields,tree farms(see photo 1 on page vi),and reservoirs.
一個生態系統是不同物種以及非生命環境，土壤，水和其他形式的物質與源於太陽的能源在交互作用下所形成的一個社會。生態系統的範圍小至水坑的水，大至廣大的海洋，或從一片樹林到茂密的森林。生態系統分為自然的或人為的(人類創造)。人工生態系統的例子有農田，林場和水庫。
The biosphere consists of the parts of the earth's air,water,and soil where life is found.In effect,it is the global ecosystem in which all living organisms exist and can interact with one another.
當生命被發現的地方就有組成生態系的成分-地球的空氣，水和土壤。實際上，這就是所有活的生物體存在與接觸其他物種的全球生態系統。

作業

1. What is an environmentally sustainable society?
Q1.什麼是一個環境永續的社會?
A1.永續發展被稱為是廿一世紀的範型更替。範型是支撐所有社會任務、統法體系、組織與結構體系的邏輯或是心智模式。一個範型表達出一種內在的世界觀和社會對實際現象的心智建構，並廣為社會成員所接受。價值觀是我們在進行政策分析或決策時，具有堅實可靠的依據。永續社會具有以下特質：極為重視自然的價值、普遍關懷、小心計畫與行動以避免風險、相信成長有極限、建立全新的社會並建立新的政治運作方式。要促進範型的順利移轉，使人類能早日步上永續發展之途，教育是每一個社會承先啟後最重要的工作，也是每一個社會的希望之所關。
2. How can environmentally sustainable societies grow economically?
Q2.可持續發展的社會環境如何使經濟成長？
A2.經濟增長是在國家的輸出商品的增量和服務。它由變化的百分比通常測量在國家的國 民生產總值上，所有物品和服務的每年市場價值由所有企業和組織導致， 外國和國內，經營在國家之內。變化在國家的經濟增長上每人由人均國民生產總值測量：國民生產總值劃分了由總人口在年中。當經濟增長提供人以更多物品和服務，經濟發展有使用經濟增長的目標改進生活水準。
3. How are our ecological footprints affecting the earth？
Q3.我們的生態足跡如何影響地球？
A3.人類活動常可使得環境不斷惡化，一方面使環境的脆弱性變得顯著，自我調整能力轉趨薄弱，一方面使人類自身抗災的能力亦日益下降，再一方面許多人類破壞環境的過程本身就是自然災害形成的過程。在這些多重因素的效應下，自然災害的層出不窮和快速增長當然成為意料中事。
4. What is pollution, and what can we do about it？
Q4. 什麼是汙染並且我們可以做什麼對此？
A4.污染是環境污染的簡稱，指由於某種物質或能量的介人使環境質量惡化的現象。在法律上，環境污染則是指由於某種物質或能量的介人使某一特定區域的環境質量下降致超過適用於區域的環境值標準。清理經常將污染物從環境的一部分轉移至另一個地方，雖然防止污染和清理污染都很重要，但應放更多的重心在「防止污染」上。
5. Why do we have environmental problems？
Q5. 為什麼我們有環境問題？
A5.環境問題是由於人口成長、浪費且不永續地使用資源、貧困、在市場價格中疏忽了環境生產的費用、和沒有足夠知識就嘗試想管理自然。總結：1.人口過多 2.資源過於使用 3.貧窮 4.環境成本被排除市場的價值 5.嘗試管理自然卻沒有足夠的知識。
6. What are four scientific principles of sustainability？
Q6.能源永續的四項原則是什麼？
A6.A：1.依賴太陽能：太陽溫暖行星並且支持植物行光合作用提供食物為他們自己和我們及其他動物。2.生物多樣性：他們包含令人驚奇的基因型多樣化的生物種類。3.人口控制：有限的資源的競爭在不同的生活型之中在多少安置一個限制他們族群的增長。4.營養素循環：自然回收的過程植物和動物需要生存和再生化學製品。

2.1.1

By contrast,reliable science consists of data, hypotheses,theories,and laws that are widely accepted by scientists who are considered experts in the field.(相比之下，被視為該領域的專家廣為接受由可靠的科學數據,假設,理論和法律。) The results of reliable science are based on the self-correcting process of testing,open peer review, reproducibility,and debate.(由可靠的科學基礎上從自我修正過程的測試,開放同行審查,
重複,辯論所得的結果) New evidence and better hypotheses(science Focus,at right)may discredit or alter tried and accepted views.(新的證據和更好的假說(科學重點)可能詆毀或改變審判和接受意見) But unless that happens, those views are considered to be the results of reliable science.(但是，除非這種情況下，這些意見被認為是可靠的科學結果。)

1.5.5

Making the shift to more sustainable societies and economies involves building what sociologists call social capital.(使轉向更可持續的社會和經濟,這其中包括社會學家稱做的社會成本的建設)This involves getting people with different
views and values to talk and listen to one another, find common ground based on understanding and trust,and work together to solve environmental and other
problems.(這涉及到讓人們有不同觀點和價值觀討論，並聽取對方，找到共同點的基礎上了解和信任，共同努力解決環境和其他的問題。)This means nurturing openness, communication,cooperation, and hope and discouraging closemindedness,polarization, confrontation, and fear.(這意味著撫育的開放,溝通,合作和希望和勇氣及失望closemindedness,兩極分化，對抗和恐懼。)

我家附近景點

檢視較大的地圖

1.3.5

As such resources are depleted, human ingenuity
can often find substitutes.(當資源被耗盡,人類機伶的發現替代品)For example, during this
century a mix of renewable energy resources such as
wind, the sun, flowing water, and the heat in the
earth’s interior could reduce our dependence on nonrenewable
fossil fuels such as oil and coal.(舉例來說:人類在這幾世紀間找到了許多可再生能源,有風力,太陽能,水力,地熱以減少對石油和煤炭等不可再生資源的依賴性) Various types of plastics and composite materials can also replace certain metals.(許多種類的塑膠和合成材料也可替代許多金屬) But sometimes there is no acceptable or affordable substitute.(但有些還是不能當做替代品)

地圖

檢視較大的地圖